Therefore, participatory intervention strategies have become increasingly popular in health promotion and particularly in PA promotion, and their benefits and challenges are a frequent subject of academic debate (see Wright et al., 2018 Williams et al., 2020). Physical inactivity has become an urgent public health issue (Guthold et al., 2018), with increasing calls to promote suitable, effective physical activity (PA) programs to change the population’s behaviour using concepts that address close collaboration between science, practice, and policy while including the population group (World Health Organisation, 2018). Many preparation actions, several challenges in the planning process, and a critical transition in implementation responsibilities should be considered by future projects intending to adopt the approach. This study contributes to a better understanding of the complexity of the cooperative planning approach and, therefore, flexibility in sports and physical activity promotion projects. Identifying a champion in the transition subphase and providing ongoing scientific counselling can assure the implementation of an action plan with tailored measures for sports and physical activity promotion. Diverse assessment procedures and recruitment tools can facilitate preparation of the process, while moderation requires particular attention during the development phase. The cooperative planning process was shaped across its phases by several facilitators, challenges, and barriers. This study used a mixed-methods approach, including a systematic analysis of documents ( n = 10) and in-depth, semi-structured interviews ( n = 4) with the empirical projects’ scientific members. ![]() We analysed four German empirical projects promoting sports and physical activity to identify how the approach was adapted to each project, which phases were considered, and which key performance indicators enhanced (facilitators), exacerbated (barriers), or challenged the process. This approach was extensively applied in German sports and physical activity fields, serving as a mechanism to develop and implement specific measures to change the population’s behaviour. Participatory-based interventions, using the cooperative planning process, offer the potential to plan new programs that match population group and setting characteristics. ![]() Therefore, the demand for more effective physical activity programs is growing. More than half of the global population is not physically active enough. ![]() The aim of this study was to map the phases and individual steps of the cooperative planning process, a specific participatory approach frequently used in German sports and physical activity promotion, and to explore facilitators, barriers, and challenges experienced by those leading its implementation in selected projects.
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